Summary Wannabes And Clueless Dreamers Essay

Novices to wannabes clueless dreamers As the middle class collapses and the novices, wannabes and clueless continue their fruitless search for personal fame and fortune; the reasons it isn’t happening. ‘Moving the goalposts and ring-fencing best practices in attracting situations, that covers 100% of the bases in leveraging a vision from the end-user perspective. Raising the bar and providing win-win deliverables. An outstanding results-orientated strategist and visionary guru, corporate athlete and dynamic team player, continually raising profits by 300%’ The Novices In the biggest recession in living memory, with stagnating world economies and mass unemployment, let’s look a brief but serious look at reality and some unpalatable facts to prepare mentally for what lies ahead. 1. In the US, with a population of 320 million and a working wealth creating population of around 120 million, with 47 million on food stamps (an estimated increase of 27% since 2008), the unofficial estimated unemployment figure is 23 - 26%. The variation lies between including people as unemployed and ignoring those, ‘not in the labour force’, which is where the skewed figure of 4.7% comes from. Using the same semantics, Britain changed the term unemployed to job seekers in 1996, lowered unemployment at a stroke, yet left a nation of millions seeking work and by the same method, produced an amazingly near equal 4.9% of officially unemployed as America. 2. [†¦] the economy is doing great [†¦] by

Reality Tv Essay Free Essays

Cassandra Clark AEGL – 101 Prof. Wall In our innovative and technical society, pop culture has flooded entertainment. The result is a talentless genre of television called reality TV. We will write a custom essay sample on Reality Tv Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This exhausted genre of television has taken a new approach to attempt to show outrageous and extreme scenarios to keep a grasp on its’ viewers. Rather than providing true entertainment, there reality TV shows often display a talentless, annoying cast. As well as fill their shows with product placement; allowing the cast members to get wealthy off of endorsement products and become living advertisement. In Salman Rushdie’s essay â€Å"Reality TV: A Dearth of Talent and the Death of Morality,† he states that â€Å"people are becoming famous for doing nothing much at all, but doing it where everyone can see them† (216). By analyzing several shows, Rushdie’s statement can be proven correct. One of the most popular, yet tragic examples of reality TV is the â€Å"Jersey Shore†. This â€Å"cast† consists of six guido’s and guidette’s whose only purpose is to drink, fight, party and have sex. Each episode consists of the cast living their lives while they do nothing but go out and bum around. Tanning, sleeping until two pm every day, and hooking up are among some things that this cast does. The oldest member of the show is Mike; is a thirty-year-old man who’s obsessed with his body image and his only job is the â€Å"Jersey Shore†. What a great role model! A man who has reached his thirties and only success in life has come from famous on a reality TV show. The show is aired on MTV, whose viewer’s range from young teens to young adults. The current and upcoming generations are bombarded with a false image of what it means to be an adult. In the real world, you can’t go out every night of the week, get black out drunk and then wake up with a fat check in your bank account. Nor can you make thousands each week without a higher level of education and a real job. Rushdie states that being â€Å"Famous and rich are now the two most important concepts in the western society† (216) and he couldn’t be more right. This assertion couldn’t be any closer to the truth and is validated by trash TV, such as the Jersey Shore. These six â€Å"adults† have become the most popular and widely known people in America; which is truly terrifying. Who knows, the cast of Jersey Shore could be smarter than we think. But their actions and low morals hide any chance of that being slightly believable. How to cite Reality Tv Essay, Essay examples

Interplay of Relational Governance †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Interplay of Relational Governance. Answer: Introduction In this business oriented, it is crucial for the firms to comply with rules and regulations and set standards to conduct the business activities due to public awareness and legal complications. Accounting is also an important area of business that requires fair and transparent practices due to having concerns towards the stakeholders including customers, investors, employees and society. This report aims to analyse the detailed understanding of social contract to legitimacy theory in accounting at different areas. This report is divided into several aspects which indicate the detailed analysis of each and every aspect. In the first section, it presents the concept of social contract theory. In second section, it presents the meaning of legitimacy practices of accounting and its importance in business. Furthermore, in further sections, it analyzes the importance and criticisms of social contract theory for the business and society in relation to accounting practices (Mansell, 2015). M oreover, it also explains that how social contract theory sets an agreement between the business and society to follow the ethical and moral standards in accounting practices and benefits to the society and community. At the same time, it also indicates different implementation techniques to adopt the social contract theory in accounting to increase the reliability and validity of the financial reporting so that the organisation can promote the interests of their internal and external stakeholders. Along with this, it should also be noted down that, this research study is more valuable, effective, and beneficial for the readers, learners and researchers because it directly or indirectly improve understanding about the different concepts, applications and principles associated with the social contract social theory, legitimacy, corporate social responsibilities, stakeholders theories. In addition to this, this research paper is characterized with wider scope because it addresses and suggests various research topics for the further research in an effective and proper manner. In addition to this, this research paper is also deals with several research objectives that would be attained during the study of this research paper in order to reach valid outcomes of the study. At the same time, in the context of this research study, the secondary source of information is used as a secondary method of data collection in order to fulfill the aims and objectives associated with this resear ch paper. For example, to effectively collect the accurate, reliable and meaningful information towards the research topic, academic books, research articles, business articles, academic material and others secondary sources are used in order to reach a valid conclusion. Social Contract Theory In order to understand the implications of social contract to legitimacy theory of accounting, it is essential to understand the meaning of social contract and legitimacy of the accounting. With the help of this, a reader can interlink both social contract and legitimacy of accounting properly. From the study of Chiu Sharfman (2011), it can be evaluated that the concept of social contract provides the framework of standards and laws for how the government and people should interact. Living in a society, it is mandatory for the people to follow some rules and laws to abide with the society. Individual lives in the society and get protection from outsiders. In return, it is crucial for them to get certain freedom and contribute to society in making it more stable, wealthy and happy. Overall, this theory is more important and significant in order to understand the common rules and standards in an effective and proper manner. According to Taylor Walton Young, (2013), social contract theory is important for the todays changing business climate. As per the study of McKinsey and Co 2012 in USA it revealed that many small and big businesses take active part in the social, environmental and political issues. The social contract theory enables the business to fulfill its responsibilities towards their communities and it helps the struggling people and nonprofit organizations to satisfy the demands of the people. At the same time, it can also be said that, business organizations must effectively follow the CSR functions not only to attain their key goals but also attain competitive advantages from the competitive market environment. Moreover, the social theory involves more in their local communities and interacts with the society regarding their wellness. The business earns sufficient profits and provides many resources to the communities through a donation in charities and volunteering activities in schools a nd colleges. Most of the businesses donate products and run environmentally friendly campaigns. In addition to this, business firms are also conducts several types of social work in order to improve their corporate image and value in the front of key stakeholders. This is important because a company could directly or indirectly enhance the level of profit and marketability in an effective and proper manner. In addition to this, several costs could also be reduced by the company if it fulfill CSR functions inovativlely and properly. These activities and examples indicated the relevance of social contract theory in business that identifies the value of giving back. As per the views of Baker (2013), the social contract theory protects the interest of the stakeholders through effective accounting practices. Stakeholders are any group or individual who can influence the objectives of the organization significantly. The fair accounting practices and ethical considerations protect the inte rest of the stakeholders in an organisation. The social contract theory enables business or companies to fulfill their obligations towards the different stakeholders. The lot of people can be the stakeholders for the company including managers, employees, customers, employees and suppliers. The social contract theory develops the sense of trusts and usefulness among the various stakeholders in the company (Tester, 2014). The trusts can be develops through display the fair information regarding the companies policies and products in front of them. It ensures that organizations follow the ethical practices and all information are should fairly display to the stakeholders according to the requirement and need. According to the Krieg, (2013), the social contract theory is an important aspect for the business to follow ethical practices. Without this social contract, there would be no structure of the society and everyone can fly like a free bird in the air without any restrictions and moral values. The simple concept of this theory is to prevent society or organisation to follow the unethical practices and bad rules that are against the society and the government. In this theory, it comprises the set of standards which follows by the individuals, businesses, and society that prescribes that how they used each other for the mutual benefits on the condition that others follow those same rules and practice them. The importance of social contract theory in a global context that indicates the account of political legitimacy, grounded in the idea that naturally free and all human beings an equal power to exercise over one another, except in accordance with the principle of mutual consent (Slater and Tonkiss, 2013). As per the views of Rhodes Mny (2016), stated that the basic elements of the social contract regarding society it clearly indicates that all individuals are equal, they are all related to one another, and they have some incentive to leave the initial situation in favor of some relative advantage gained by the entry into the civil society. The second element refers that the normative characteristics of the parties to the contract. The parties described as they are motivated by their own consent and they will only agree to the social contract if they perceive any benefit from the social interaction. There are two dimensions in the social contract theory one is an empirical dimension and other is a normative dimension (Hepworth, et al., 2016). The empirical dimensions related to the history of origins of the state and normative dimensions of the social contract theory are based upon rules and principles that make the state legitimate. Moreover, under normative dimension, the social contract theory addresses two more questions like what are rules or principles of justice that bind the citizens in relation to each other and secondly under what conditions may the state legitimately act as the ultimate arbiter in the relation among citizens. Moreover, the social contract theory led to the natural liberty to the ownership of the human rights. This concept is generating from the myth and stated that the individuals lived in a natural condition and characterized with the state of nature (Fried, 2015). In Free State of nature, all humans are free to live and natural of all religions. There is no restriction or court of law over the individuals. These natural characteristics indicated that the social contract theory enables individuals to live free according to the state of nature. The law of the state of nature indicated that human being lives for peace and social contract theory brings peace through liberty, not through violence. Cooke (2014) expressed that social contract theory in businesses is different. In business, it is an unwritten and strictly hypothetical agreement not to violate the moral rules. All members of the society are said to agree to this contract simply by participating in the society. There are three main theories of business ethics. The stockholder theory holds that the company has no obligations to society other than to earn huge profits for the stockholders under the business ethics limits and law. As per the stakeholder theory, it refers that company is morally obliged to all parties with a stake as a result of its operations. The social contract theory holds that all business operates are bound with the contract with the communities and societies and the society allows the businesses only when they get the benefits from the operations (Wallenburg Schffler, 2014). Legitimacy Theory in Accounting: The increasing importance of fair accounting practices after some scams and scandals across the world has also raised the requirement of formation of legitimate accounts by the firms. It is because legitimacy of the accounting practices is crucial in reducing such scams and scandals and avoiding financial uncertainties. Therefore, it is mandatory to introduce the legitimacy theory and principles into the accounting practices. As reported by Yang, et al. (2012), legitimacy theory is important to manage the risks associated with the business and maintain the transparency and fairness in the business. This theory holds that it is mandatory for the firms to disclose the correct and relevant information about their financial position without hiding any information to the investors and other stakeholders. It prohibits the firms to present the false and inappropriate financial information because it may lead to failure to accomplish the interests of the stakeholders (Lanis Richardson, 2012 ). Legitimacy theory is associated with the fairness and transparency of the financial accounts of the company. There should be proper accountability of the financial reporting by an individual of the company. There are several stakeholders including accounting firms, financial analysts, users, market regulators, large firms, accounting agencies and auditors, who use the financial reports of the firms to make their own decisions. But, fair and transparent reporting enables them to make good decisions in relation to the fulfillment of their interests. According to Bebbington Unerman and O'Dwyer, (2014), the legitimacy theory also emphasizes businesses and corporate to follow the ethical practices towards their community. The business main aim is to earn maximum profits for their stakeholders and employees. The legitimacy theory puts the laws, compliances, integrity and policies regarding their way of earning profits. The business needs to follow the protocols to earn the profits. These protocols are ethical standards, codes and fair practices in the business operations towards their communities, employees, and society. Legitimacy is important in every business to build the goodwill in the market for a longer period of time. If any business does not follow the protocols and not meet up the expectations of the society then it would consider that the breach of social contract with the society. Legitimacy theory of accounting is used in the social accounting (Fernando Lawrence, 2014). This theory argues that any organisation or busin ess only exists when its operations are legitimate towards the public or society. Organisation a can face many challenges or threats to their legitimacy (e.g. a serious accident, major pollution leak or a financial scandal) and in consequence, may employ broad legitimation strategies to reduce that threat. Legitimacy theory offers important insights into social accounting practices. In social accounting practices, the company needs to follow all the standards like corporate reporting and environmental reporting. Legitimacy theory enhances the trust between the internal and external people. The business can earn trust if it is being fair and responsible in everything they do. The businesses are expanding day by day and there is a need for legitimacy is important in business towards the triple bottom line of the company (Ball Grubnic, and Birchall, 2014). The triple bottom line elements like social, economical and environmental responsibilities of the business. The legitimate practice s enhance the performance of these triple bottom line elements. As per the study of Crane (2013), the current role of accounting is influenced by the environmental issues of the business. To reduce these issues the implication of legitimacy theory is important in accounting to develop a comprehensive report of environmental accounting and should report to their shareholders. Legitimacy theory is supported by the social contract as been recognized as an explanatory tool regarding the motive of environmental reporting by business organizations. The organization continues needs to operate within the respective norms and limits of their respective societies. The company needs to modify its policies and reporting structures time to time regarding their responsibilities towards CSR and sustainability to ensure a society that they are adopting the fair practices. The company needs to disclose information to the society and stakeholders regarding the environmental impacts in order to conform to social perceptions. Legitimacy supports the notion that the companies modify their reporting policies in order to ensure that their operations are up to standards and beneficial for the society (Smith, 2014). Legitimacy theory is one of the important theories that explains the social accounting practices. The social accounting practices explain the reason behind the environmental reporting and social contract. Relevance and Application of the Social Contract to Legitimacy Theory in Accounting In the views of Spence Rinaldi (2014), legitimacy is important for the organisation as well as for business. The word legitimacy refers that the moral standards, codes, and values followed by the business and organisation to provides better results to the society. The social contract theory promotes the interest of the public in accounting standards. The legitimacy is important for a business to reduce the uncertainties and unethical practices followed by the company or individual (Lenski, 2013). The social contract theory always emphasizes to organisation to maintain the coordination between the customers and users. The main aim objective of the social contract is to the overall welfare of the society through the adoption of legitimate practices in accounting. According to Delanty (2013), social contract theory emphasizes to the accountants and professionals to give the fair disclosure of all the reporting to its users of the business. It includes stakeholders, employees, suppliers , and society. Every person has its own requirement to use the information of the business significantly. For e.g. Society wants that the organisation should fulfill the responsibilities towards CSR matters. The social contract theory supports organizations and top management to follow ethical and fair practices in their accounting in the area of CSR and Sustainability, so that the society gets some benefits from these practices. The legitimacy theory supports the notion of the company that they follow the rules and regulations of the business as per the expectations of the business. As stated by Smelser (2013), social contract theory influences the reliability and validity of the accounting works. The importance of social contract theory is to increase the demand of the stakeholders of the company that can be expensive for the company. The social contract to legitimate practices in accounting leads to increase the interest of stakeholders of the company to achieve the strategic goa ls of the company. With the level of the stakeholder, power increases the importance of meeting stakeholders demands also increases. The main objective of the social contract theory is to balance between the business and society and generates maximum revenue simultaneously achieving the social responsibilities of the business. According to Colman (2013), without legitimacy in accounting there is no existence of business for a long time. The business without a social contract and ethical practices cannot survive in the todays competitive world. Now a days many big organizations and companies focus on their social responsibilities and legitimate practices. Ultimately society is the base for any business without society or social contract there is no foundation of business in todays rapid changing economy. In the views of Wallenburg Schffler (2014), social contract is an agreement that is made between the social members and employee of the organization. However, it is not considered as an actual contract but it advocates for ethical and political accountabilities of an individual. Social contract incorporates corporate governance, corporate social responsibility and corporate philanthropy. All these aspects play a significant role in ensuring the legitimacy of the accounting practices within the firms. It is because legitimacy theory holds the utilization of the valid codes and rules and standards in handling accounting practices. The consideration of social contact in the legitimacy theory of the accounting is quite effective for the welfare of the business and society as well. It is because social contract makes it mandatory for the involved people to make the accounting practices legitimate by considering all ethical and social aspects of the accounting. The fairness and transparency in accounting through social contract is helpful to reduce the risk and uncertainties within the business. Social contract shows the accountability of the accountant towards the society while preparing the accounts of the company (Dawkins Fraas, 2013). Without it, there may be possibility that the accountants may follow unfair and fraudulent practices in accounting that may misguide the stakeholders regarding the financial position of the company. Social contract enforces the firms to develop sustainable reporting that considers different environmental, social and financial aspects of the company. It also ensures that firms are reporting their financial aspects with consideration of norms and bounds regarding their respective societies. The social norms and boundaries have dynamic nature as they keep changing over the time (Hamid Atan, 2011). Therefore, it is also essential for the organizations to make changes in their financial reporting. Due to social contract, firms prepare their financial reports with the consideration of environmental aspects and social perceptions. There are different aspects like transparency, fairness, unbiased participation in ensuring the legitimacy of the accounting practices by the firms. Social contract enforces all these aspects in financial reporting that ensure regarding the legitimacy of the accounting practices. This makes it mandatory for the organizations to disclose the all the information that may affect the interests of the society. It means that firms need to be consistent with the expectations and interests of the society (Khan, et al., 2013). If any firm follows the rules and boundaries of the society while reporting their financial aspects, then it may lead to legitimacy of the financial reporting. According to Mkel Nsi (2010), it is crucial for the company to consider sustainability in reporting practices. Social contracts make it compulsory to consider the society, government and investors. It means social contract drives the adaptability of sustainability in reporting. Sustainability practices in reporting entails about the companys initiatives towards the society to make fair and transparent business operations. It means such types of practices are effective to promote the legitimacy of the financial accounts of the company. In the study of Farook, et al. (2011), it is explored that social contract is effective to enforce the sustainable reporting that is an evidence of contribution of the company in the socio-economic development of the country. Due to this, it becomes easy for the company to develop trust and confidence among the stakeholders. At the same time, Garca-Snchez, et al. (2013) depicted that social contract is also related to corporate social reasonability of the firms as firms are involved in CSR activities and report this information in their financial records then they try to become more fair and transparent in their financial records. They follow ethical practices and principles while preparing the financial statements and reports that result in the legitimate financial reporting. The study of Wallenburg Schffler (2014) highlights the social contract theory and its implications in legitimacy theory of the financial reporting by stating that there is a significant relationship or social contract between the business and society that implies some indirect obligations of business towards the society. It also makes the management to take decision in an ethical way that also causes legitimacy in reporting. Ethical consideration in financial reporting ensures that company will follow the required standards and re gulations in financial reports that automatically facilitate the legitimacy of reporting (Lanis Richardson, 2012). According to social contract theory, the organizations operate by public consent to serve the requirements of the society. As reported by Wagiciengo Belal (2012), the legitimacy theory is based on the notion that there is a social contract between the organization and society in which it operates. So, the firms try to legitimize their operations and activities through CSR engagement to get approval from the society to do business continuously. At the same time, Pellegrino Lodhia (2012) depicted that the social contract defines the expectations of the society regarding how the firm need to conduct its operations. Similarly, legitimacy theory is based on the idea that it is mandatory for the firms to act within the bounds and norms of the society to successfully and continuously operate their business. In addition, Mkel Nsi (2010) argue that legitimacy of the financial reporting can be improved if the firms maintain reciprocal relationship with their stakeholders with the fulfillment of obligations to meet their interests. An implicit social contract between the society and business makes it required for the firms to disclose the CSR aspects. As per the views of Khan, et al. (2013), legitimacy theory is supported by the concept of the social contract as it is stated that the organizations to try legitimize by operating within the socially acceptable bounds, to their reporting policies. The firms disclose the information related to environmental impact of their business activities in order to comply with the social perceptions. The study of Chiu Sharfman (2011) found that corporate disclosures like environmental reporting are due to social contract between the business and society to legitimize the business operations. As per the legitimacy theory, the firms change their reporting policies and practices to indicate that they follow the social norms and bounds effectively. Limitations and Criticism of Social Contract: It is criticized by Rossi (2014) that social contract theory causes conflicts in improving legitimacy of the accounting practices. It is because the bonding of contract between the business and society has differences at different social levels. All stakeholders have their own interests that differ from each other and cause conflicts of interests. In addition to this, differences in the attitude, values, norms, perception and ides may discourage the key shareholders of a company. In such situation, it may be difficult for the firms to consider the legitimacy of the accounting practices. In support of this, Farook, et al. (2011) also affirmed that firms need to consider different needs and expectations of different stakeholders that may be contradictory to each other. This contradiction also shows in the financial reporting that may affect the legitimacy of the reporting. It is because stakeholders want that firm should increase profits without causing high costs of sustainability pra ctices while public and government require that company needs to fulfill CSR practices with environmental protection and social welfare. So, the conflicts in these interests and expectations cause dilemma for the company to be bound with the social contract and enhance the legitimacy of the accounting practices. On the other hand, Chiu Sharfman (2011) argued that social contract theory is based on hypothetical world as in real life; it is not easy to execute the social contract and bound to follow some regulations to fulfill the duties towards the society. No-one has signed the social contract to follow morality and ethical principles in the society. So, hypothetical social contract cannot be applied in real world. However, the findings of Farook, et al. (2011) reveal that it is not difficult to follow the sensible rules as they are rational due to possible reality of the best interest for someone. This theory is beneficial for those who follow the contract. Besides, this theory is also criticized for ignoring the rights of someone who does not benefit the society. On the other hand, Mkel Nsi (2010) described that social contract works as voluntarily effort by the firms to maintain sustainability reporting leading to legitimacy of the accounting practices. But, it is considered that it is only a purpose of developing better image among the customers and complying with the laws and regulations. Due to public pressure and law compliance, firms adopt such practices in accounting as there is less impact of social contract in enhancing legitimacy of the accounting. But at the same time, Lanis Richardson (2012) argued that there is motive behind the legitimacy of the reporting by the firms to develop strong brand image among the customers and persuade their buying behavior positively to increase revenues and profits. Therefore, social contract is not valid point to explain the legitimacy of the accounting practices adopted by the firms. Conclusion As per the overall analyses of the report, it can be concluded that social contract theory effectively plays a crucial role in business to follow the ethical practices and standards in its process. It can also find that social contract theory emphasizes business to earn a profit and increase their wealth to give benefits to the society as well. Moreover, legitimacy theory in accounting depicts that moral and ethical practices are important for a business to survive in a long time. At the same time, it can also be concluded that social contract is valuable to provide greater benefit to ensure peaceful society. Social contract ensures peace, justice, protection and stability of the society as it is crucial for the accountants to follow legitimacy of the accounting practices to provide such benefits. Proper compliance with social responsibility and ethical principles due to social contract brings legitimacy in accounting practices. In addition, some people believe that social contract is hypothetical theory as it is not applicable to enhance legitimacy of the accounting. But, defenders claim that if any rational theory brings peace and fairness in the society, then there is no harm to follow it. In general, there are several arguments in favor and against this theory, so its importance cannot be ignored in contributing legitimacy of the accounting practices. Apart from that, it is also found that social contract theory keeps an eye on the organisations to fulfill the social responsibilities towards environment and sustainability issues. On the other hand, it can also be said that, this research study had discussed various important and significant concepts and principles related to the accounting theories that could be used and applied by the business firms in order to effectively and properly run their business functions and roles related to the accounting. At the same time, this research study is also provides innovative ways and methods in order to bring innovation and development within the current accounting practices and methods. Overall, such concepts should be adopted in order to enhance organizational productivity and profitability. In addition to this, it is also suggested to the company that they should follow the rules and principals of sustainability in making and developing their financial statements and records in an effective and proper manner. This could help a company in improving its image and value and improving the level of profit, revenue, sales and market share directly or indirectly. Lastly, it can be concluded from the overall findings that every business needs to follow the ethical practices to remain competitive in the long term and to maintain good reputation by integrating social contract into legitimacy of accounting. It is because the legitimacy of the accounting practices is based on the social contract that makes the organizations responsible to follow fair and transparent practices in accounting. References: Baker, E. (2013).Social Contract, Essays by Locke, Hume and Rousseau.USA: Read Books Ltd. Ball, A., Grubnic, S., Birchall, J. (2014). 11 Sustainability accounting and accountability in the public sector.Sustainability accounting and accountability, 176. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J., O'Dwyer, B. (2014).Sustainability accounting and accountability. UK: Routledge. Chiu, S. C., Sharfman, M. (2011). Legitimacy, visibility, and the antecedents of corporate social performance: An investigation of the instrumental perspective.Journal of Management,37(6), 1558-1585. Colman, A. M. (2013).Game theory and its applications: In the social and biological sciences. UK: Psychology Press. Cooke, P. (2014).Back to the Future (RLE Social Theory): Modernity, Postmodernity and Locality. UK: Routledge. Crane, A. (2013). Modern slavery as a management practice: Exploring the conditions and capabilities for human exploitation.Academy of Management Review,38(1), 49-69. Dawkins, C. E., Fraas, J. W. (2013). An exploratory analysis of corporate social responsibility and disclosure.Business Society,52(2), 245-281. Delanty, G. (2013).Social theory in a changing world: Conceptions of modernity.USA: John Wiley Sons. Farook, S., Kabir Hassan, M., Lanis, R. (2011). Determinants of corporate social responsibility disclosure: The case of Islamic banks.Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research,2(2),114-141. Fernando, S., Lawrence, S. (2014). A theoretical framework for CSR practices: integrating legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory and institutional theory.Journal of Theoretical Accounting Research,10(1), 149-178. Fried, C. (2015).Contract as promise: A theory of contractual obligation.UK: OUP Garca-Snchez, I. M., Fras-Aceituno, J. V., Rodrguez-Domnguez, L. (2013). Determinants of corporate social disclosure in Spanish local governments.Journal of Cleaner Production,39, 60-72. Hamid, F. Z. A., Atan, R. (2011). Corporate social responsibility by the Malaysian telecommunication firms.International Journal of Business and Social Science,2(5), 198-208. Hepworth, D. H., Rooney, R. H., Rooney, G. D., Strom-Gottfried, K. (2016).Empowerment Series: Direct Social Work Practice: Theory and Skills. Nelson Education. Khan, A., Muttakin, M. B., Siddiqui, J. (2013). Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility disclosures: Evidence from an emerging economy.Journal of business ethics,114(2), 207-223. Krieg, A. (2013). Towards a normative explanation: understanding Western state reliance on contractors using Social Contract theory.Global Change, Peace Security,25(3), 339-355. Lanis, R., Richardson, G. (2012). Corporate social responsibility and tax aggressiveness: a test of legitimacy theory.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,26(1), 75-100. Lenski, G. E. (2013).Power and privilege: A theory of social stratification.UK: UNC Press Books. Mkel, H. Nsi, S., (2010). Social responsibilities of MNCs in downsizing operations: A Finnish forest sector case analysed from the stakeholder, social contract and legitimacy theory point of view.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,23(2), 149-174. Mansell, S. (2015).Book Review: Rejoinder to Veldmans review of Capitalism, Corporations and the Social Contract: A Critique of Stakeholder Theory(Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 271-275). A. Pullen, C. Rhodes (Eds.). Sage UK: London, England: Sage Publications. Pellegrino, C., Lodhia, S. (2012). Climate change accounting and the Australian mining industry: exploring the links between corporate disclosure and the generation of legitimacy.Journal of Cleaner Production,36,68-82. Rhodes, M., Mny, Y. (Eds.). (2016).The future of European welfare: a new social contract Germany: Springer. Rossi, E. (2014). Legitimacy, Democracy and Public Justification: Rawls Political Liberalism Versus Gaus Justificatory Liberalism.Res Publica,20(1), 9-25. Skyrms, B. (2014).Evolution of the social contract.UK: Cambridge University Press. Slater, D., Tonkiss, F. (2013).Market society: markets and modern social theory.USA: John Wiley Sons. Smelser, N. J. (2013).Social change in the industrial revolution: An application of theory to the British cotton industry. UK: Routledge. Smith, M. (2014).Research methods in accounting.UK: Sage. Spence, L. J., Rinaldi, L. (2014). Governmentality in accounting and accountability: A case study of embedding sustainability in a supply chain.Accounting, Organizations and Society,39(6), 433-452. Taylor, I., Walton, P., Young, J. (2013).The new criminology: For a social theory of deviance. UK: Routledge. Tester, K. (2014).Civil Society (RLE Social Theory)(Vol. 2).UK: Routledge. Wagiciengo, M. M., Belal, A. R. (2012). Intellectual capital disclosures by South African companies: A longitudinal investigation.Advances in Accounting,28(1), 111-119. Wallenburg, C. M., Schffler, T. (2014). The interplay of relational governance and formal control in horizontal alliances: a social contract perspective.Journal of Supply Chain Management,50(2), 41-58. Yang, Z., Su, C., Fam, K. S. (2012). Dealing with institutional distances in international marketing channels: Governance strategies that engender legitimacy and efficiency.Journal of Marketing,76(3), 41-55.

Rodolphos apology Essay Example

Rodolphos apology Paper Eddie is trying to keep control of his family, even after all that happened, Didnt you hear what I told you? You walk out that door to that wedding you aint coming back here, Beatrice. We notice the I told you. He still thinks that he is in control of his family, like he always had been. He doesnt realise how bad what he did was, and what implications it will have. We, as the audience now know how Catherine feels about him, but Eddie doesnt. This dramatic irony helps build up more tension, as we dont know what Eddie will do when Catherine doesnt do what he tells her to. To add to the anticipation of what will happen, we learn how important respect is to Eddie, I want my respect. He still seems to think that people will still respect him, and doesnt realise that nobody does, or, seeing what happened to Vinny earlier on, ever will again. This creates tension, as we want (yet at the same time, dread) what will happen when he realises this).  Then, Catherine goes and defies him, Its after three; were supposed to be there already, Beatrice. The priest wont wait. She is totally ignoring Eddie, just talking to Beatrice. Also, she is subtly belittling him when she says, the priest wont wait, as shes making the priest out to be more important to her than Eddie. We will write a custom essay sample on Rodolphos apology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rodolphos apology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rodolphos apology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Eddie, not realising this, still thinks hes in charge, and thinks that Catherine will still obey him, Hes gonna come here and apologize to me or nobody from this house is goin to the church today. Now if thats more to you than I am, then go. But dont come back. You be on my side or their side, thats all. The way he says nobody from this house that in his mind, he rules the house and everyone in it. It is his kingdom and they are his servants. If they do not obey him, then they are betraying him, and should be kicked out. He is being rather babyish, seeing it as a them and us situation, with no possible middle ground. This speech also tells us that he thinks that hes in the right, and that it should be Marco who comes to apologise to him, but as we have already seen, Marco thinks hes in the right and wants Eddie to apologise to him. They are both very similar, and both just as stubborn, which creates tension, as we know that neither will give in and apologise; yet both expect the othe r to. Catherine has finally had enough of Eddies primitive behaviour, and openly rebels for the first time, the most interesting part being her extended metaphor, Hes a rat, he belongs in the sewer! [Beatrice]: Stop it! [Catherine][Weeping]: He bites people when they sleep! He comes when nobodys looking and poisons decent people. In the garbage he belongs! First of all, we discover to what point Catherine despises him. Calling him a rat removes any human nature from him, so she doesnt even consider him a human. Then there are the things he does. For example, he bites people when they sleep probably refers to the boxing incident, when he hit Rodolpho hard, while Rodolpho trusted him and wasnt prepared for it (like when you sleep). Then he comes when nobodys looking, which could refer to the calling of the immigration officers, and poisons decent people, which almost certainly means the way in which he made decent Marco want to kill him. With so much hatred, also comes tension, as the audience wonder how Eddie will respond to having his authority undermined by one who he thinks respects him. The result of the rebellion, which makes Eddie realise she no longer respects or obeys him, is that he nearly attacks her, [Eddie seems about to pick up the table and fling it at her]. This is a very tense moment, and shows just how distraught and desperate Eddie is. He loves Catherine more than anything else (perhaps too much), and the reason all this happened was because of how he cared for her and loved her. If now he is prepared to physically harm her, its that he is emotionally at breaking point. Over the last few days, his life has fallen apart, and we know he cant stop now.  Luckily Beatrice is there to calm him down, and she decided to take his side, Now go, go to your wedding Katie, Ill stay home. Go. God bless you, God bless your children suggest that shell never see her again, or her children, making this a very emotional sentence. Then, in comes Rodolpho paving the way for a final showdown, Marco is coming Eddie. [Pause. Beatrice raises her hands in terror] Hes praying in the church. You understand? [Pause. Rodolpho advances in the room]. Catherine, I think it is better we go. This speech can have two meanings, depending on how the director asks the actor to say it. The actor could make out that Marco wants to come and kill Eddie, and Rodolpho has come to watch Eddie squirm, or alternatively, could make out that Marco is coming to apologise. I personally think that Miller intended it to be the former, as he has set the scene for revenge on Rodolphos part earlier, when, after being punched, Rodolpho responds with [a certain gleam and a smile]. This smile suggests that he knows whats going on, and will get him back. I also believe that Marco is coming to kill Eddie, because in the previous scene, Alfieri kept telling Marco only God makes justice. Maybe Marco paid attention to this, and is praying for justice. Beatrice has obviously also come to the same conclusion as we can see from her reaction, and her next line, lets go someplace [] I dont want you to be here when he comes. If he were coming to apologise, she would want him to be there. Eddie on the other hand may, blinded by his emotions, think he has come to apologise, which could be fatal. Even with Beatrices pleading, Eddie wont be moved. Hes already had too much, Where am I goin? This is my house. So at least Eddies not kidding himself; he agrees with Beatrice, and thinks that hes coming for revenge, but because of his pride, he refuses to leave. He also possibly doesnt realise how dire the consequences could be. He wants to defend his honour and his territory, and wants to punish Marco for insulting him so badly. We realise that no amount of persuasion from anyone will make him change his mind. This helps create quite a bit of tension, as we know that there will be a climatic fight. Even Rodolpho changes his mind and doesnt want a fight anymore. He says, [Quite suddenly, stepping up to Eddie]: It is my fault Eddie. Everything. I wish to apologize [] I kiss your hand [He reaches for Eddies hand, but Eddie snaps it away from him] On first inspection, this redeems Rodolpho. The words quite suddenly suggest that seeing how distraught Beatrice was, he changed his mind. He is willing to forget all the insults and other bad things Eddie has done to him, which makes the audience trust him again. But rereading it, it seems that he is possibly just trying to get Beatrice and Catherine to think that hes a very good man. The proof for this is that he says it only after Eddie has made it clear that he wont change his mind, so he knows it wont have any effect on Eddie, just on the others present. Eddies symbolically rejects the apology, signing, in doing so, his death warrant. The persuasion goes on and on, with the effect of hyping up Marcos coming, telling the audience that it will be grandiose and possibly fatal. It also has the effect of making the others seem nicer, as they all (even Catherine) plead with him not to stay. But Eddie wont listen, I want my name! He didnt take my name; hes only a punk. Marcos got my name [To Rodolpho] and you can run tell him kid, that hes gonna give it back to me in front of this neighbourhood, or we have it out. [Hoisting his pants]. Eddie is taking this honour and respect thing very seriously, which is why he wont accept Rodolphos apology. To him, Rodolpho is just a stupid kid with dyed hair (in other words a punk). His lack of intellect is shown by the fact that he doesnt realise that hes lost his respect and no-one can give it back. All he understands is physical action, so he hoists his pants, showing that he is ready for action, and is prepared to fight for his honour if Marco doesnt apologise. We all know this wo nt happen, so the tension starts building. Beatrice, in a desperate attempt to stop him, breaks down in front of Eddie, [barring his way to the stairs] whats gonna mean something? Eddie, listen to me. [] Listen to me, I love you, Im talking to you, I love you. First of all, we can tell that shes getting very desperate, as she bars his way; something that would take a great deal of courage, and despair gives you that courage. In addition, she speaks in short sentences, which makes it seem as though shes trying to grab his attention. She repeats, Listen to me, which would suggest that Eddie is ignoring her. She also repeats, I love you to try and make him realise what harm he could to those who love him, and to tell him that hes not yet totally alone. To emphasise this last point, she also says, Im talking to you. This could be just to make him listen, but it might also be to tell him that she, unlike everyone else in the community, still respects him.

How to Write a Classification Essay

How to Write a Classification Essay How to Write a Classification Essay The world exists not in our feelings and senses, but in our perception and mind. Human intellect discriminates between different species, objects, animals, and plants; on the basis of the available data, it draws logical conclusions. The collective body of all of these conclusions, which seem evident, is usually called knowledge. Hence, it may be maintained that our ability to discriminate and to distinguish is the cornerstone of our civilization. Unlike other types of essay, the classification essay deals with different species or classes of objects which must be described one by one and then compared. The task, which the writer has to accomplish, consists of observation of various groups of objects and finding logical connections associated with them. While specifying the differences between them, the author also needs to find common ground upon which to carry out a comparison. To write a classification essay is not as hard as it seems at first sight, but it requires more logical skills. Here you will find some recommendations and pieces of advice on what to do and what not to do while writing a classification essay. How to write a classification essay – essential tips What you should avoid: Do not compare incomparable objects; for example: wild animals and mountain herbs. Here you need to use your logical skills. These will help you to find an appropriate group of objects (people, cars, cities, etc.). Do not merely describe; you should rather draw inferences, and thus to present new knowledge. Do not violate the rules for definition of a given object; avoid circular definitions (â€Å"biology is a branch of science dealing with biological issues†), â€Å"wide† definitions (â€Å"man is a living being†), â€Å"narrow† definitions (â€Å"man is a rational being, Homo Sapiens, inhabiting Great Britain†). What is recommended to do: Choose a theme of your classification essay carefully (if you are free to decide on that). Collect some preliminary data and analyze them for yourself. Write down your own impressions and insights (you can also make a plan of the essay). In the introduction explain the context of your classification paper. What is its fundamental question? What is your thesis? What is your method? Analyze the groups of objects one by one. Define them well; justify your classification. For example, you are writing about different types of drivers. Explain why you have chosen only three, four, five types of drivers. Try to find similarities and differences between the groups described. Is there any hierarchy, or all these groups are equal? Are the groups constant or in transition? Is it possible to belong to two groups at once? Set forth your thesis (it may be in the beginning). You should put emphasis on some regularity or principle, which explains a given phenomenon. Or you can say that it is better to belong to the first group of drivers than to the second one; justify your thesis. A good classification essay demonstrates some important differences between classes or subclasses of objects. It must be coherent and very well ordered in a logical manner. Its author should employ special terminology and use it properly throughout the paper. Classification and division are characteristics of human mind only, thus helping human beings to order and classify various phenomena and to find regularities in the world. The good classification essay must correspond to this picture.

Interesting Facts About European Green Crab

Interesting Facts About European Green Crab The green crab (Carcinus maenas) is commonly found in tide pools along the East Coast of the United States from Delaware to Nova Scotia, but this species is not native to these areas. This now-abundant species is thought to have been introduced into U.S. waters from Europe. Green Crab Identification Green crabs are a relatively small crab, with a carapace  that is up to about 4 inches across. Their coloration varies from green to brown to reddish orange. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ArthropodaSubphylum: CrustaceanClass: MalacostracaOrder: DecapodaFamily: PortunidaeGenus: CarcinusSpecies: maenas Where Are Green Crabs Found? Green crabs are widespread in the eastern U.S., but they arent supposed to be here. The green crabs native range is along the Atlantic coast of Europe and northern Africa. However, in the 1800s, the species was transported to Cape Cod, Massachusetts and is now found in the eastern U.S. from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Delaware. In 1989, green crabs were discovered in San Francisco Bay, and now they inhabit the West Coast up to British Columbia. Green crabs have also been recorded in Australia, Sri Lanka, South Africa and Hawaii. It is thought that they were transported in the ballast water of ships, or in seaweed that was used to pack seafood. Feeding The green crab is a voracious predator, feeding primarily on other crustaceans and bivalves such as soft-shelled clams, oysters, and scallops. The green crab moves quickly are dexterous and are capable of learning, so that it can improve its prey-handling skills while it is foraging. Reproduction and Life Cycle Female green crabs can produce up to 185,000 eggs at a time. Females molt once each year, usually during the summer. During this time, the crab is very vulnerable until its new shell hardens, and the male green crab guards the female by pairing with her in pre-molt cradling, defending the female from predators and other males. A few months after mating, the females egg sac appears. The female carries this egg sac for several months, then the eggs hatch into free-swimming larvae, which stay in the water column for 17-80 days before settling to the bottom. Green crabs are estimated to live up to 5 years. Conservation Green crab populations have expanded rapidly from their native home in the Eastern North Atlantic, and they have been introduced into many areas. There are several ways that the green crab can be transported to new areas, including in the ballast water in ships, in seaweeds that are used as packing materials to ship marine organisms, as bivalves shipped for aquaculture, and movement on water currents. Once they are introduced, they compete with native shellfish and other animals for prey and habitat. Sources MIT Sea Grant. 2009. Introduced Species (Online). MIT Sea Grant Center for Coastal Resources. Accessed May 23, 2009.National Heritage Trust. 2009. European Shore Crab (Carcinus maenas). National Introduced Marine Pest Information System, CRIMP No. 6275. Accessed May 23, 2009 (link no longer active as of June 2014).Perry, Harriet. 2009. Carcinus maenas. (Online) USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. Accessed May 23, 2009.Prince William Sound Regional Citizens Advisory Council. 2004. Green Crab (Carcinus maenas). (Online) Non-Indigenous Aquatic Species of Concern for Alaska. Accessed May 23, 2009.Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2009. Carcinus maenas (Green Crab). Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Invasive Species Fact Sheets. Accessed May 23, 2009, online. As of August 2010, no longer online.

Fuel prices remain high because of the United State's energy policy Research Paper

Fuel prices remain high because of the United State's energy policy - Research Paper Example In 1970s and 1980s renewable energy was called alternative energy because it was the best alternative for nuclear power and fossil fuel. There are different sources of energy. Firstly, I would like to discuss renewable energy that can be extracted from natural resources. Types of renewable energy are wind, solar, hydroelectric, biomass, geothermal and tidal energy. Then we also have fossil fuel sources extracted from coal or hydrocarbon, which are the remains of decomposition of animals and plants. There are three types of Fossil fuels: coal petroleum, natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Third one is Nuclear power based on fission and fusion. The US is second largest energy consumer in world.  The US is seventh country in the world in terms of consumption of energy per capita. We know that in 20th century, after coming out of isolation US played a major role in the world socially, politically and economically. Every event or crisis in US has its own historical background; nothing happens within some days or months. Same is the case of fuel price, which is one of the biggest issues in the US now days. US was an agrarian state in 18th century but industrial revolution brought changes in the energy requirements and its production ways. At that time major source was coal to produce energy till 20th century then it took drastic change during WWII era. Petroleum and natural gas attracted the attention of US energy production sectors in 1950s. †Following  World War II, oil heating boilers took over from coal burners along the Eastern Seaboard;  diesel locomotives  took over from coal-fired  steam engines  under dieselization; oil-fired electricity plants were built; petroleum-burning buses replaced electric  streetcars  in a GM driven conspiracy, for which they were found guilty, and citizens bought gasoline powered cars.  Highways helped make cars the major means of

Corrections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Corrections - Essay Example If these cares are not provided, their rights have been trampled and their physical or mental needs will be worsened. One of such special offender population is offenders with substance abuse problems. With this population, a specialized program that was instituted in New York to cater for their special provision was the Drug Treatment Alternative to Prison Program (DTAP). The idea behind the program was to offer â€Å"treatment as a response to drug crime rather than punishment† (Criminal and Juvenile Justice Coordinating Council, 2006). In this context therefore, offenders in the prison population are given treatment towards their drug abuse or addiction. Consequently, they are expected to shy away from drug and issues of drug after their terms of prison expire. Since its inception, the program has recorded a lot success with large number of these special offenders, being diverted to community-based drug treatment due to their rate of progress in the treatment program. All in all, the rate of prisoners who successfully complete their treatment has been given as sixty-one percent, which is a very impressive score (Young,

Symbolism in Lord of the Flies by William Golding Essay Example for Free

Symbolism in Lord of the Flies by William Golding Essay A book that makes a person think is always more interesting than a book that does not. Lord of the Flies by William Golding does just that! Golding, using symbolism, shows his readers ideas about human nature that are rarely thought about in society. In this allegorical piece of literature he uses objects and characters as symbols. Each important object in the book is closely related to a character in the book. For example, the conch and Ralph are closely connected, also Piggy and his glasses are directly associated. Lastly, the Lord of the Flies, which could be a character or an object, has a great affect on Simon and Jack. William Goldings symbolism creates tension that keeps his readers wondering what will happen as this group of once civilized boys turn to their instincts. One can easily see the symbolism in the conch, with Ralph representing all of the same things. Like the conch, Ralph symbolizes authority, order, respect and leadership. The conch can be seen as a simple object, but it is more fascinating to look at it as a tool used by Ralph. At the beginning of Lord of the Flies the great shell symbolizes power and authority. Ralph, the conchs first possessor, has the power to call an assembly. When Ralph blows the conch, all the boys come running to him. When the boys come to the first assembly, the conch is a symbol of order. The person who holds it is the only one that can speak. Without the conch everyone would be talking at once and there would be no organization. The conch commands respect. As the boys join the assembly they all show respect to Ralph, who is eventually voted chief because of the boys respect for him. The conch is a symbol of leadership. Ralph is the first possessor of the conch and he is the chief. The little bit of leadership given to the person with the conch is shown in that persons right to talk. Throughout the book, the conch represents the evolution of the boys on the island. It shows the change from a utopian society where everyones needs are met, to a dystopian society in which everything is disastrous and out of order. At the beginning of the book, the shell is almost perfect. The one imperfection is a small scratch, which is a foreshadowing of what will eventually happen to the boys society. The conch gets more and more scratched up, it loses its beautiful pink shade; and right before Piggys death the conch is shattered, symbolizing the complete loss of order in society. Ralph changes as the conch does. Ralph starts off believing that he is living in a perfect place where everything is wonderful. By the end he is running for his life. If he hadnt been rescued at that exact moment, then he probably would have been overcome by the evil instincts that unconsciously imprisoned the other boys. Like Ralph and the conch, Piggy and his glasses fundamentally are symbolic of the same thing. The glasses, when possessed by Piggy, represent the knowledge to see what is right, or what is best. In the Bible, in the story of Abraham, Abraham is constantly referred to as a seer, or the one who sees. Piggy is the prophet; he is the seer and visionary of this story. He is obviously the smartest of the boys; he always knows what needs to be done, he sees what is right. He and Ralph are the two that know the fire is the most important priority, because fire leads to rescue. Sometimes even Ralph forgets this very important priority. But Piggys knowledge of what is best is never lost, and is always shown through his glasses. As Piggys glasses slowly become destroyed, the boys slowly begin to lose the vision of what is right, and what needs to be done. The boys choose hunting and savagery over being rescued. The total loss to see what is right is shown when the glasses are broken and Piggy is killed. The most important symbol in the Lord of the Flies is obviously the Lord of the Flies, the Sows head on the end of a stick; it is the title of the book! The Lord of the Flies comes from death and killing, (of the sow) which shows its evil. It is the dark side of people; it is peoples evil nature. This unusual demon inhabits the souls of the young boys and corrupts them. As the boys are oblivious to everything, the demon turns the boys into savages with evil instincts that are uncontrollable. The evil spirit has the greatest effect on Jack, who already overflowing with emotion cannot handle his feelings and becomes a savage beast. The only character who is aware of the Lord of the Flies is Simon. Simon is connected with his true feelings. He sees a once perfect society being changed into hell. Simon finally meets the devil of this hellhole, and sees that his enemy is undefeatable, uncontrollable, and unbearable. It seems as if he almost commits suicide as he is slaughtered by the savage boys who are anxious for a kill. The Lord of the Flies is important because it shows that Golding believes in the evil nature that all human beings possess. Ralph has authority with his conch, Piggy can see with his glasses, and Simon has a revelation with a devil. These characters and their vital objects are symbols as well as important pieces of the story. Golding uses symbolism to add tension to a book already overflowing with thought and emotion that keeps his readers on the edge of their seats.

A Character Analysis Of Iago Essay -- essays research papers

Iago is one of the most interesting characters in the tragedy "Othello" by William Shakespeare. Through some carefully thought-out words and actions, Iago is able to manipulate others to do things in a way that benefits him and gets him closer to his goals. He is the driving force in this play, pushing Othello and everyone else towards the tragic ending. Iago is not the typical villain in any story or play. The role he plays is unique and complex, far from what one might expect from a villain. Iago is not only very smart, but he is also an expert judge character. This gives him a great advantage in the play. For example, he knows Roderigo is in love with Desdemona and figures that he would do anything to have her as his own. Iago says about Roderigo, "Thus do I ever make my fool my purse." [Act I, Scene III, Line 355]. By playing on his ambitions, Iago is able to swindle money and jewels from Roderigo, making a substantial profit for himself, while using Roderigo to advance his other goals. Iago can also think very quickly on his feet and is able to improvise whenever something unexpected occurs. When Cassio takes hold of Desdemona's hand before the arrival of Othello, Iago says, "With as little a web as this will I ensnare as great a fly as Cassio." [Act II, Scene I, Line 163]. His quick thinking and craftiness makes him a truly dastardly villain. Being very smart, Iago is quickly recognizes the advantages of trust and uses it as a tool to f...

Bishoy Fanous Writing 102 Professor Riveland

Bishoy Fanous Writing 102 Professor Riveland 9 February 2013 The Meaning of Work When one thinks of meaningful work, generally they think of labor that accomplishes a certain goal. They think of a prestigious job or occupation that has meaning to it. But meaningful work can mean a lot more than just a prestigious job or having meaning to something you do. Meaningful work can be as simple as feeding the birds in the park on a Saturday morning. It can be helping someone out or looking out for someone in need.Meaningful work can be defined as enjoyment of the worker, dedication of the worker to the job, and involvement that the worker shows toward his job. When students start to think of jobs, they try to think of something that they would love doing for the rest of their lives. But instead they end up running after well-paying jobs and prestigious jobs. They feel that society would judge them in a way that would put them at the bottom of the job spectrum. So they end up going for a top of the line jobs that give good salaries but at the same time are boring or not meaningful to them.Therefore, when it comes to jobs you want something you will enjoy doing for the rest of your life. You want something that you will satisfy you in life rather then depress you. According to Epstein in the section Work and its Contents from his book he says, â€Å"The most fortunate people of all, though, are those for whom the line between work and play gets rubbed out, for whom work is pleasure and pleasure is in work† (Epstein, 31). In other words, Epstein believes that your job should be close if not the same as your play time or the time you spend doing what pleases you.This can conclude my point that work that is not enjoyable to the person who is doing it gives it no meaning. It does not matter how prestigious or high paying the job is, if it’s not enjoyable, then it will not be meaningful to the person doing it. Also we notice in Epstein’s quote the part w here he says that the line between work and play is rubbed out (Epstein). Basically what he means by that is when you go on with your life doing your hobbies they should be similar, if not close to, what you do as a job for a living.If that’s not so, then the work you are doing is not meaningful to you. When it comes to meaningful work, dedication should be at the top of list. Dedication to work is more of a life style, like for example a doctor’s life style is a lot different from an engineer’s life style. A doctor might see something in a medical way while an engineer might see the same thing in a physical or a mechanical way. A doctor see’s things in a certain way because he dedicated most of his time and effort to this form of life style and in the end he uses it to go through everyday life.The same applies to an engineer and every other profession out there. The profession a person chooses is based on the amount of time and dedication they put in to that field. Dedication can be seen through many people in everyday life. We see it in famous football athletes, movie stars, and even teachers. As the prominent philosopher Malcolm Gla dwell’s talks about The Beatles and Bill Gates as a little kid and how they were dedicated to what they did before they even got paid for it or it was even their job yet.He mentions how The Beatles when they first started performing it was in a strip club and they would perform for long hours every night together without complaining (Gladwell). Many might disagree and say that dedication should be put in everything you do even your job. But the truth is that many people do their job and then they go on living a different life from what they do at work. They show no form of dedication to what they do in their job at home or when they go out with friends or family. If they show no form of dedication then how is it meaningful work to them?It’s not, it just another thing they do throughout t he day like brushing their teeth or showering just because they have to do it and because it’s a daily routine. Many people might say that they are dedicated to their job and they enjoy doing what they do for a living, but that does not necessarily mean that their job is meaningful to them. In order for work to be a hundred percent meaningful to the worker he has to be involved in it. Some might ask how can someone enjoy their job and be dedicated to their job but not be involved? The answer is that think of a football player in the National Football League.He might be dedicated to going to every practice and he might enjoy playing football for a living, but when it comes to game time he ends up not playing and sitting on the bench most of the season. In order for a job to be meaningful to the worker he has to get involved in some way shape or form. Likewise, the football player being benched for most of the season has to find a way to get better. But while he is getting bett er, he has to be involved in other things on the bench, like studying different plays in the play book or following different skills or techniques of other players on the team.This way he will be bumped up to playing more games in the season and end up getting involved in his job. In Thomas Sowell’s magazine, Meaningful Work, he talks about acquiring skills, he says that â€Å"Those relatively few statistics that follow actual flesh-and-blood individuals over time show them moving massively from one income bracket to another over time, starting at the bottom and moving up as they acquire skills and experience† (Sowell, 2). In making this comment, Sowell urges us to work our way up.He urges us to get involved in what we do in order for us to get the skills we need and move up in our work field. Further more going back to involvement, Sowell talks about how statistics show that some people start off with no skills or experiences. But over time through involvement in thei r field of work or study, they gain the skills or experiences they need to move up in their job or their income. This shows that without involvement in what you do for a living you can not have meaningful work or work that gives meaning to what you do.After reading this people might say that enjoyment, dedication, and involvement are not the only things that make work meaningful. But that living up to your goals is what defines meaningful work. I would answer and say that even though that could be a way to define meaningful work it has to involve one of these three topics because a person’s goal will never be to live miserable, but it would be to enjoy life. This can show that my definition of meaningful work is valid because whatever other way a person might want to define meaningful work. They will end up having to satisfy one f these three topics in their definition of meaningful work in order for it to be a valid and acceptable definition. In conclusion, meaningful work c an not just be work that you do for a salary or prestigious. But it has to be work that you enjoy doing everyday. It has to be work that you are dedicated to doing even if the job has a risk to it. Last but not least it has to be work that involves you in some way, not just a job that you go to, to get paid from. If the job you do does not involve one of these three things, then it can not be meaningful to you as a worker.It would be better off for you to not go through the struggle of getting that job, then getting to that job and noticing that it gave no meaning to your life in the sense of working. Work Cited Epstein, Joseph. â€Å"Work and It Contents. †Ã‚  Once More Around the Block. New York: Norton, 1987. Print. Meaningful Work Comes from Passion, Not Genius. Perf. Malcolm Gladwell. Meaningful Work Comes from Passion, Not Genius. Bnet. com, 29 Nov. 2008. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. Sowell, Thomas. â€Å"Meaningful Work. †Ã‚  NationalReview. com  29 May 2012: Web.

Important technical development Essay

The most important technical development was the unitization of the liner shipping business. The shipping industry has been so successful at exploiting this technical development that the cost of sea transport has hardly increased. Coal and Oil cost little more to transport in the mid 1990s than in 1940s. Those important causes which are mostly affecting the demand for sea transport are 8 The World Economy : As it was discussed before that world economy with its output and trade is the most important single factor to generate demand for shipping and any crisis in the world economy reflects in the demand for shipping. In table 01 its clear that ups and downs of shipping demand is also proportionate to world trade. There are 03 different aspects of the world economy that may bring about change in the demand for sea transport ,which are- The Business Cycle: The business cycle lays the foundation for freight cycles. Fluctuation in the rate of economic growth work through in to the sea borne trade, creating a cycle pattern of demand for ships. For example, two major recession in shipping business in 1975 and 1981-1983 ,which co-incited with the recession of the world economy. This economic cycles arise from a combination of external and internal factors. The external factors include events such as wars or sudden changes in commodity prices such as crude oil, which cause a sudden change in demand. Internal factors refer to the dynamic structure of the world economy itself, which it is argued, leads naturally to a cyclical rather than linear growth path. Five of the most common business cycles are- I. The Multiplier and accelerator : The main internal mechanism which creates cycles is the interplay between consumption and investment. II. Time-lags: The delays between economic decision and their implementation can make cyclical fluctuation more extreme. The shipping markets provides and excellent example for this. During a shipping market boom, ship owners order ships that are not delivered until the market has gone into recession. When the arrival of the new ships at a time when there is already a surplus, further discourages new ordering just at the time when shipbuilders are running out of work. The result of their time lags is to make booms and recession more extreme and cyclical. III. Stock building : It produces sudden burst of demand as industries adjust their stocks during the business cycle. On several occasion shipping boom have been driven by short-term stock building by industry in anticipation of future shortage or price rises. Examples are the Korean war in 1952-53, the dry cargo boom of 1974-75, mini tankers boom in 1979 and summer 1986. Tanker booms were caused by temporary stock building by the world oil industry. IV. Mass psychology : If people act in an imitative manner a particular trend will build up to a level where they can affect the whole economic system. Their periods of optimism and pessimism become self fulfilling through the medium of stock exchanges, financial booms and the behaviour of investment. V. Random shocks : Random shocks such as wars, weather changes, new resources, commodity price changes, which upset the stability of economic system may contribute to the cyclical process. Its impact on the shipping market is often very severe ,for example ,1930s depression which followed by the wall street crash of 1929. Other two aspects are The ‘trade elasticity’ and The ‘trade development cycle’-which are correlated to business cycle. Other factors which have very strong influence on shipping demand are Transport cost. Transport cost are an element in the costs of production and If transport Costs are low ,its possible for domestic commodities to be substituted for the cheaper goods supplied over great distances, which will create business opportunities for shipping. The globalisation of the world economy has reinforced the inherent and unique internationalism and fluidity of the shipping industry, while over the same period the industry has become vastly more productive, with very much larger, faster ships and new techniques such as containerisation. By understanding and exploiting world economic activities and trade pattern along with all the other factors stated above, which are mostly controlling the shipping demand, ship owners and shipping management can achieve maximum business profit. From table one it is clear that the future growth of world trade and out put will definitely create more demand for shipping. Thus the ‘derived demand’ nature of ‘shipping demand’ creating huge opportunity for ship owners and shipping management to profit from the ups and downs of world trade. References 1. whitepaper of DTLR on British Shipping Charting a New Course ,para-9,obtained from www. shipping. dtlr. gov. uk/cnc/index. html ,or menu-whitepaper, october2001. 2. Chrzanowski I, 1985, An Introduction To Shipping Economics, Fairplay Publications. 3. Abrahamsson B J, 1980,International Ocean Shipping: Current Concepts and Principal, WestView Press. 4. McConville J,1999,Economics of Maritime Tansport,p42,The Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers, London  www.isl.org

Calculating a Confidence Interval for a Mean

Calculating a Confidence Interval for a Mean Inferential statistics concerns the process of beginning with a statistical sample and then arriving at the value of a population parameter that is unknown. The unknown value is not determined directly. Rather we end up with an estimate that falls into a range of values. This range is known in mathematical terms an interval of real numbers and is specifically referred to as a confidence interval. Confidence intervals are all similar to one another in a few ways. Two-sided confidence intervals all have the same form: Estimate  ± Margin of Error Similarities in confidence intervals also extend to the steps used to calculate confidence intervals. We will examine how to determine a two-sided confidence interval for a population mean when the population standard deviation is unknown. An underlying assumption is that we are sampling from a normally distributed population. Process for Confidence Interval for Mean With an Unknown Sigma We will work through a list of steps required to find our desired confidence interval. Although all of the steps are important, the first one is particularly so: Check Conditions: Begin by making sure that the conditions for our confidence interval have been met. We assume that the value of the population standard deviation, denoted by the Greek letter sigma ÏÆ', is unknown and that we are working with a normal distribution. We can relax the assumption that we have a normal distribution as long as our sample is large enough and has no outliers or extreme skewness.Calculate Estimate: We estimate our population parameter, in this case, the population mean, by use of a statistic, in this case, the sample mean. This involves forming a simple random sample from our population. Sometimes we can suppose that our sample is a simple random sample, even if it does not meet the strict definition.Critical Value: We obtain the critical value t* that correspond with our confidence level. These values are found by consulting a table of t-scores or by using the software. If we use a table, we will need to know the number of degrees of freedom. The number of degrees of freedom is one less than the number of individuals in our sample. Margin of Error: Calculate the margin of error t*s /√n, where n is the size of the simple random sample that we formed and s is the sample standard deviation, which we obtain from our statistical sample.Conclude: Finish by putting together the estimate and margin of error. This can be expressed as either Estimate  ± Margin of Error or as Estimate - Margin of Error to Estimate Margin of Error. In the statement of our confidence interval it is important to indicate the level of confidence. This is just as much a part of our confidence interval as numbers for the estimate and margin of error. Example To see how we can construct a confidence interval, we will work through an example. Suppose we know that the heights of a specific species of pea plants are normally distributed. A simple random sample of 30 pea plants has a mean height of 12 inches with a sample standard deviation of 2 inches. What is a 90% confidence interval for the mean height for the entire population of pea plants? We will work through the steps that were outlined above: Check Conditions: The conditions have been met as the population standard deviation is unknown and we are dealing with a normal distribution.Calculate Estimate: We have been told that we have a simple random sample of 30 pea plants. The mean height for this sample is 12 inches, so this is our estimate.Critical Value: Our sample has a size of 30, and so there are 29 degrees of freedom. The critical value for confidence level of 90% is given by t* 1.699.Margin of Error: Now we use the margin of error formula and obtain a margin of error of t*s /√n (1.699)(2) /√(30) 0.620.Conclude: We conclude by putting everything together. A 90% confidence interval for the population’s mean height score is 12  ± 0.62 inches. Alternatively, we could state this confidence interval as 11.38 inches to 12.62 inches. Practical Considerations Confidence intervals of the above type are more realistic than other types that can be encountered in a statistics course. It is very rare to know the population standard deviation but not know the population mean. Here we assume that we do not know either of these population parameters.

Glenn Miller and the Swing/Big Band Era Essays - Instrumentals

Glenn Miller and the Swing/Big Band Era Glenn Miller led the most popular big band in the world during 1939-42 and the most beloved of all the swing-era orchestras. His big band played a wide variety of melodic music and had tremendous success in every area of music. He was with the group for two years, and put together an enjoyable and well-rounded show. Glenn Miller was a man who influenced bands greatly for years. Alton Glenn Miller was born on March 1, 1904 in Clarinda Iowa. His family had a tendency to move frequently, to places such as North Platte, Nebraska, and Grant City, Oklahoma. It was in Grant City that Glenn bought his first trombone, at the age of 13. He earned the money by milking cows for $2 a week (Glenn Miller Biography). Glenn attended high school in Fort Morgan, Colorado. He studied at the University of Colorado for 2 years. It was in college that his interest in music flourished. He continued to play the trombone, his favorite instrument. Even at his young age, he was good enough to play in the Boyd Senter Band in Denver. At that point his love for music took over. Miller dropped out of school and went to the west coast to try his luck at being a musician. Miller played with many small bands until he had the opportunity to join Ben Pollack's orchestra in 1926. At that time the band included such well-known musicians as Loschiavo 4 Benny Goodman, Gill Robin, Fud Livingston, and Dick Morgan. In September of 1926, the Pollack Band went into the recording studios and worked on "When I First Met Mary" and "Deed I Do". These were probably the first record arrangements that Glenn Miller wrote. He stayed with the band until it went to New York in 1928 (Glenn Miller Story). It was then that he married his early love, Helen Berger, and moved with her to Manhattan. In the coming years, he developed his talent by working with Red Nichols in pit orchestras, as Smith Ballew's musical director, and with the Dorsey Brothers. In 1934, Miller helped form Ray Noble's American Orchestra, which soon became popular through radio broadcasts. Miller was the lead trombonist and arranger. In 1937, he left the band, and his own popularity among big band circles enabled him to form his own band, the Glenn Miller Orchestra. They brought out a few records, and went on tour, but the attempt was doomed from the start. He could not keep the orchestra together and had to let all but four musicians go. What Miller needed was his own trademark to distinguish him from the other bands. In 1938, with encouragement from friends, he gave it another try, and Miller built up his new orchestra on the basis of the four remaining musicians Hal McIntyre (alto), Rolly Bundock (bass), Chummy MacGregor (piano) and Bob Price (Glenn Miller Story). This time Miller was lucky enough to be supported by one of the most important agencies of the General Artists corporation and to obtain a record contract with RCA Victor's Budget Bluebird Label. Glenn Miller again went on tour. At this time, he had the distinguishing characteristic in Loschiavo 5 his music of having a clarinet double the sax melody an octave higher. Times nonetheless, were hard until the big breakthrough came in 1939. The General Artist Corporation managed to get Miller an engagement at the Glen Island Casino New Rochelle. Glenn Miller's time had come: on May 17 the band played its first night to a sold-out house and by the end of the engagements all box-office records had been broken. From there they traveled to Baltimore at the beginning of September. At Baltimore's Hippodrome Theater all records were again broken. The orchestra returned to New York and played in front at the largest audience in the city's history at the New York State Fare. On September 9, he broke Guy Lombardo's record attendance from the year 1931 and on October 6 helped Carnegie Hall to achieve new record receipts. The recording was also going full swing. Four records per week were being recorded by the orchestra. It was during this period, on April 4, that Miller's signature

Artificial Reproduction in Humans Research Paper

Artificial Reproduction in Humans - Research Paper Example In IVF or in-vitro fertilization, where the egg is fertilized by sperm cells outside the womb in a glass container, is a major process that is undertaken when all other methods of artificial reproduction have failed. AI or artificial insemination is the process where the sperm cells from the husband or an anonymous donor are placed within the uterus of the female recipient, by using methods other than sexual intercourse, for the purpose of impregnating her. Embryo transplantation is the process where one or more eggs that have been fertilized under in-vitro conditions, is placed within the uterus of a recipient female that carries the embryo to its full term. Thus all the three processes aim to procreate for childless couples and also for gay partners, that is, for all those who fail to have children normally or cannot adopt, due to certain reasons. However, as in all latest techno-medical innovations, here also, there are certain ethical considerations to be made. The concept of hav ing ‘designer babies,’ and opting for embryo sex selection, have all been made possible with advances in the assisted reproductive technology, and these are the very ideas that have come under controversy in the recent times. Religious morals and certain medical ethics have placed these processes under considerable scrutiny, with a debate going on as to whether having children by artificial means is indeed morally or ethically correct. It will also consider the various ethical and religious sentiments that speak against the procedures, and also scrutinize the various medical benefits of these techniques. This article has taken up a topic that is very interesting, yet extremely controversial too.

Business report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business report - Essay Example Suppose opportunities are available to the organization and within your control then they can be classified as strengths. If potential threats are identified as soon as possible then they can be proactively dealt with since being informed is a kin to being forearmed. The current Rocked product line evoked interest among potential buyers in our survey and in the focus group although the current price is rather exaggerated. The major disadvantage that comes with this is that it discourages customers from going for the rocked product. The focus group also gave us insight into changes that might make the product more attractive to potential buyers. The most prioritized concern that needs to be addressed is the high cost. For recommendation, the product should be completely redesigned and should focus on only selling bracelets until the company expands its product line. The redesign serves to resolve issues found in primary research, while still maintaining the titanium performance aspect that has defined the target from conception. The product is currently jewelry that falls into the high-end jewelry market though we believe after hearing from the focus group that if the product is supposed to have some connection to physical activity it should not have the appearance of a high-end product. The bracelet should simply be a band of .5 millimeter knitting cord with a stone pendent that is held by 2 titanium hands. This new product design would address many of the problems of the current product and most importantly, it should be much cheaper to produce hence less production costs. A single strand of nylon, a cheap colored stone, and the two titanium hands will have much lower material costs along with lower labor costs. Besides, it will also create a lighter product that can be worn at all times. Lighter weight eliminates a degree of worry for those clients who are looking for jewelry that can be

Quantitative Case Study in Public Relation Campaign

Quantitative in Public Relation Campaign - Case Study Example In the same year, 12.8 per 100000 women died from breast cancer. Breast cancer when detected at an early stage can be treated. But when it is detected at a later stage, it cannot. Amputation is what will be done and if the cancer is systemic, then death will follow (Abdel-Fattah, Zaki, Bassili, el-Shazly & Tognoni, 2000). Due to these effects, it is important to begin promoting awareness for women and young girls to occasionally be undergoing breast cancer screening. The campaign purports to employ situational theory in assessing the level of awareness on breast cancer self examination technique (J. J. Scheurich et al. 2004). It is believed that breast cancer can be detected at personal level. The campaign main objectives is to promote the awareness to young girls and encourage them to be practicing breast cancer self examination (Abdel-Fattah et al, 2000). The study is focused on using the situational theory of public (STPs) to find out the level of knowledge about breast cancer among young girls (Abdel-Fattah et al, 2000). There is need to describe the level and extent in which breast cancer self examination is practiced by young girls of the target sample. Finally describe the perception of the young women concerning the causes, control and fatality of breast cancer (Abdelhadi, 2006). The memorable brand to be used in the entire campaign is a pink ribbon which is international symbol of breast cancer awareness (Abdelhadi, 2006). Participants and respondents will wear the ribbon as a sign of sending the message of awareness and to commit. Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer affecting women in developed and developing countries. Over the years, the disease has always been connected to manifest more on older women. Cancer has bee rated to have ousted HIV/AIDs and is now number one killer disease in the

Power Politics And Change In Social Work Social Work Essay

Power Politics And Change In Social Work Social Work Essay Following a referral to childrens social care, the local authority has a statutory obligation to consider whether there are concerns about impairment to the childs health and development or the child is suffering harm which justifies an initial assessment to establish whether this child is a child in need (HM Government 2010: 5.34). Regardless of the length and breath of the case itself, assessments have to be completed within set statutory timescales. An initial assessment has to be completed within 10 working days and core assessments within 35 working days. This essay proposes that removing current distinction between initial and core assessment and the associated fixed statutory timescales for their completion will improve the quality of assessment reports completed by childrens social workers. A development of a single assessment form to replace initial and core assessment form would give social workers additional time to reflect and review historical information collated and collaborate with other agencies before completing the assessment thus improving practice. Although it is acknowledged that there may be challenges in implementing this proposal, this essay pre-empts that this change would give social workers greater opportunities to complete direct work with children and incorporate their views and feelings into the assessment (Munro and Lushey 2012). In the view of the above proposal, the essay explores the influence of the wider national and European policy agenda on the change proposed and explores some of the potential challenges from social work context which may impact on the implementation of the proposed changes. Finally, drawing on Change Theory, I critically discuss how my proposal could be implemented, meeting the challenges previously identified. But first, initial and core assessments are defined. An initial assessment is a brief assessment completed on each child referred to the local authority within a maximum of 10 working days of the referral date. Where necessary, it determines whether the child is in need; whether there is reasonable reason to suspect that the child is suffering or likely to suffer from significant harm; whether the child requires any services and if so what types; finally, a recommendation is made whether a more detailed core assessment should be undertaken (HM Government 2010: 5.36). The meaning of need is explored under section 17 of the Children Act 1989. A child is said to be in need if: [He] is unlikely to reach or maintain a satisfactory level of health or development, or [his] health and development will be significantly impaired without the provision of servicesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[or he] is disabled, (HM Government 1989). Section 47 of the Children Act 1989 places a duty on local authorities to make enquires when there is a reasonable cause to believe that a child who is found or lives in their municipality is suffering, or likely to suffer from significant harm. A completion of the core assessment is the means in which a section 47 enquiry is initiated and should be completed within 35 working days. In these circumstances, the aim of the local authority is to determine what form of intervention is required to safeguard and promote the welfare of the child (Ibid; Brown et al. 2012). A core assessment refers to an in-depth assessment which addresses key aspects of a childs needs. This assessment may be completed at different junctures depending on the childs needs; an existing child protection concern is not a requirement (Brown et al 2012). According to Department for Education (2011) 40% of core assessments bare no relation to section 47 enquiries. Harm under section 31(9) of the Children Act 1989 is defined as ill-treatment or the impairment of health or development; development means physical, intellectual, emotional, social or behavioural development; health means physical or mental health; and ill-treatment includes sexual abuse and forms of ill-treatment which are not physical (HM Government 1989). Completion of both an initial and core assessment has to be undertaken in accordance with Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and Their Families (DOH 2000) and information regarding childrens needs should be obtained within the three general domains of that form the assessment triangle: the childs developmental needs; the parents and/or caregivers ability to respond to those needs; and wider family and environmental factors (HM Government 2010: 5.36, 5.62; Turney et al. 2011). Current statutory guidance on the completion of initial and core assessments are criticised for the following reasons: Firstly, imposition of a rigid timescale means that there is little time for social workers to meaningfully engage with children. This drive to meet performance targets may thus be at the expense of the quality of assessments, engagement with children and families and multi-agency collaboration with professionals (Hawkes 2005; Holland 2010; Munro and Lushey 2012). Secondly, current statutory assessment timescales are unrealistic especially the 10 working days set for the completion of initial assessment. It does not take into account that there might be some difficulties in engaging with certain families and assessments may as a result be form-led rather than needs led (Horwarth 2002). Turney et al. (2011) argued that the pressure to meet statutory timeframes set for initial and core assessment may lead to the developments of short cuts which may provide latent conditions for error and in turn increase the risk factors posed to vulnerable children. An assessment which is child-centred contains thorough, concise and accurate information; includes chronological information about family and wider history and makes good use of information from a wide net of sources is considered a good assessment (Turney et al 2011). A good assessment is crucial in improving outcomes for children as it can contribute to maintaining the welfare of children by preventing delays in the provision of support and services. Despite the Assessment Frameworks copious guidance in completing good assessment, (DOH 2000) research evidence continues to highlight on-going concerns of social workers assessment analysis (Dalzell and Sawyer 2007). Holland (2010) contends that strict imposition of tight timescales combined with high caseloads does not allow for in-depth analysis through critical reflection of available evidence. The need for the proposed change Replacing child in need initial and core assessment timescales with a single assessment form and removing fixed statutory timescales for the completion of initial and core assessment will improve quality of childrens social workers practice and increase the scope for practitioners to exercise their professional judgement. Although the single assessment forms will still retain the structure of Framework of the Assessment of Children in Needs and their Families (DOH 2000), it is hoped that this development will allow social workers to exercise their professional judgement about what information to record. Research studies and enquiries into child deaths and analysis of serious case reviews consistently report that the quality of social workers assessment reports have at times fallen short of the expected standard particularly in the following areas: failure to engage with the child, differential thresholds, inadequacies in information gathering, shortcomings in critical analysis, and shortfalls in inter-professional working (Turney et al. 2011). Whilst it is acknowledged that the implementation of a single assessment form may not necessarily eradicate some of the shortcomings of the current assessment forms highlighted above, it is hoped that removing timescales for completing assessment will improve quality of completed reports by creating an environment where workers are under less stress to extract all information during the first visit to the family and thus more attention can be paid on what is happening for the child. Moreover, reducing prescription concerning timescales would enable social workers to arrange to meet with children and families at a convenient time for the family rather than at short notice to meet statutory timescales. For cases whereby parents are reluctant to engage in services or cases where there are linguistic or cultural barriers to overcome, flexibility in timescales can be used as a mechanism to improve practice (Munro and Lushey 2011). Collaborative working relationship between social care services and families is essential in promoting the welfare of the child (DOH 2010). Having sufficient time to work at the childs pace is therefore crucial to improving practice. Moreover, assessments may take longer if family members have special needs which have to be met so that they can meaningfully contribute to assessment (Holland 2010). Whilst there is a need for assessments not to lose focus and direction, assessments need to be completed jointly by both social worker and the family within a context which takes into account issues of power, inequality and discrimination. Lack of flexibility within assessment is almost inevitably going to come at the cost of key principles such as partnership and empowerment. Hawkes (2005) suggests that there is just as much evidence about the impact of partnership and empowerment upon the outcomes of children as there is for the need to prevent delay and drift in assessment which may be c aused by flexibility measures of assessments. Influence of wider national and European policy agenda The need for a thorough assessment of children and families where there are child protection concerns is a key focus of many national policies in the UK. The Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and Their Families (DOH 2000) for example acknowledges that improving assessment process is a critical aspect in improving social work practice with service users and ensuring multi-agency working. Although the framework offers guidance to social workers on how to meet the needs of children through a comprehensive process of assessment leading to action, its imposition of rigid timescales to complete assessments challenges some of the principles of the Children Act 1989. The guidance fails to take into account that the time it may take longer to engage with some families who may be initially hostile towards intervention. Moreover, due to lack of time to engage fully with children, social workers may be unable to ascertain and incorporate the childs feelings into assessment (Calder 2003). Similarly, the importance of timely and clear assessment was highlighted in Lord Laming report into the death of eight year old Victoria Climbie (DOH 2003). Lord Lamings enquiry led to the implementation of Children Act 2004 which emphasised the need for improve outcomes for all children. For children who come into attention of social services, these outcomes could be explored further in assessments. These outcomes are: being healthy, staying safe, making a positive contribution; and achieving economic wellbeing (HM Government 2004). As well as national policies, international legislations including the European Convention on Human Rights Act (1998) and United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) influenced the proposed change as enshrined within these legislations is the need to protect child and their interests (ECHR 1998:Article1, 2; UNCRC 1989: Article 2, 3, 12) and advocating for a single assessment form is a means of ensuring childrens voices remain the central focus of assessments. Potential challenges from the wider social work context which could impact on the implementation of the proposed changes Although this essay has highlighted some of the potential benefits of having a single assessment form and removing fixed statutory timescales, some potential challenges which could impact on the implementation of the proposed changes are critically discussed here. First, increased flexibility concerning timescales does not necessarily mean that the potential benefits discussed previously will be realised because a key aspect in realising these benefits largely depends on the skill and capacity of individual social worker and wider organisational contexts in which they are working. Although the aim of a flexible timescale was proposed in this essay to enhance social workers understanding of childrens needs, should the proposal be implemented, some social workers may use it as an excuse to postpone complex decisions (Turney et al. 2011). Secondly, in the absence of timescales social workers may spend longer time completing assessments. Whilst it is acknowledged that the more information gathered, the longer it may take to analyse, however, in the absence of additional staffing, the extra time social workers are seemingly spending on direct work with children and families may place greater demands on the team. This in turn may lead to the following: longer working hours to compensate for the additional time spent on assessments; prioritising child protection cases which may result in delay and drift in cases, which based on the presenting issues appear less serious; or changes to the threshold for intervention (Broadhurst et al. 2010; Holmes et al. 2010). The effect of such challenges may therefore inhibit workers ability to conduct additional visits, engage in more direct work with families and therefore undermining the intended aim of the single assessment proposal (Monro and Lushey 2012). Change Theory Change is inevitable; it can be threatening, disruptive and difficult to manage as it involves adapting to new settings, working practices or personal circumstances (Hayes 2010). Although one of the core values of a social worker is to advocate for change on behalf of their service users (Dolgoff et al. 2008) as a profession, it has been quite resistant to change (Munson 2012). Whilst there is no standard formula in managing change, there is a body of useful theories which that can help analyse how to manage the challenges of change in order to improve on practice and ensure better outcomes for service users. Here, I draw on Kurt Lewins(1951) theory of change and discuss how developing a single assessment form to replace current initial and core assessment forms can be implemented meeting some of the challenges previously identified. Lewin (1951) argued that implementing change involves managing competing forces and actively facilitating the driving forces to achieve the desired change while seeking to reduce or eliminate restraining forces (Russell and Russell 2006). In the first step of his three step change model, Lewin contends that to implement change, change leaders will need to unfreeze the status quo. Individuals who will be affected by the change must be led to recognise why the change is necessary (Griffin and Moorhead 2011). Next, the change itself is implemented. Finally, refreezing involves reinforcing and supporting the change so it becomes a part of the system. Using Lewins model, the first step (unfreezing) implementing my proposed change would involve convincing Michael Gove, current Secretary of State for Education to grant local authorities dispensation of Working together to Safeguard children guidance because of its capability to improve social work practice with children and families. After this unfreezing is accomplished, a pilot scheme conducted with several local authorities analysing the likely impact of implementing my proposed change on practice will be introduced. If the results of the pilot scheme are positive, the scheme will be rolled out nationally (implementation). Following implementation, regular training, robust supervision and support systems will be introduced to support social workers in writing assessments (refreezing) in order to meet challenges previously identified. As influential as Lewins model of change is, some critics have argued that the model is too rigid and assumes change occurs in static steps. It is argued that Lewins theory lacks the flexibility required to fit with the chaotic process of change (Longo 2011). In relation to my proposed change, Lewins theory fails to.. Similarly, Williams et al. (2002) argue that whilst Lewins model of change is useful in conceptualising how to bring about change, it fails to explore how what causes individuals to accept or resist change. Similarly to Lewin (1951), Beckhard and Harris (1987) change model provide a useful analogy of what motivates individuals to change. They argue that for change to happen, the forces of change must outweigh the perceived costs of change (in terms of emotions, energy financial costs etc). Beckhard and Harris suggest that to successfully implement change, individuals need to be convinced that the present is problematic; individuals need to perceive desirable vision of the future and that there is a means of achieving it (Williams et al. 2002). Although this model is valuable to understanding how to manage planned change, similarly to Lewins (1951) theory, Beckhard and Harris (1987) also assume that that there is a logical, linear process to achieving change. Burke (2002) argues that in practice, planned change occurs in a spiral fashion rather in a linear line as suggested by both Lewin and Beckhard and Harris. According to Deutsch et al. (2006) there are many unintended and unanticipat ed consequences which may affect and be affected by planned, change efforts and neither of the change theories discussed above explore this in depth. Whilst a change in current policy of how initial and core assessment are being completed may appear irrational, a recommendation for such change was recently proposed by Eileen Munro in The Munro Review of Child Protection (Munro 2011). The Secretary of State for Education granted eight local authorities (Hackney, Knowsley, Cumbria, Kensington and Chelsea, Hammersmith and Fulham, Wandsworth and Islington) between March and September 2011 permission to carry out flexible assessment practices. Although a vast majority of social workers and managers were in favour of the single frame assessment form and findings from the pilot study reported that flexibility of assessment timescales improved practice and quality of assessments (Munro and Lushey 2012), this proposal has yet to be implemented nationally. This recommendation is good example of some of the challenges implementing change. As simply put by Chaudry et al. (1994) a good idea that is very difficult to implement is, after all not that good an idea. In conclusion, this essay has highlighted some of the potential benefits of developing a single assessment form which replaces current initial and core assessments and the associated fixed timescales for their completion when completing assessments children. Whilst this essay acknowledges that implementation of the proposal does not necessarily guarantee improvement in the quality of assessments produced by social workers or the amount of direct work completed with children and families, it is felt this flexibility in timescale will enhance social work practice with children (Munro 2011). Importance of supporting social workers via training and adequate supervision was also acknowledged in ensuring completed assessments are of good standard. As well has exploring the influence of national and European policy agenda on the proposed change, the essay also critically analysed how the proposal could be implemented drawing on Lewins (1991) model of change.